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Racism is a belief system or ideology that asserts the superiority or inferiority of individuals or groups based on their perceived racial or ethnic characteristics. It involves the discriminatory treatment, prejudice, and unequal treatment of individuals or communities based on their race, often resulting in systemic and structural disadvantages for marginalized racial or ethnic groups. Racism can manifest at individual, institutional, and societal levels, perpetuating social, economic, and political inequalities.